Alternative tree species

Several alternative tree species can be considered for planting in different regions.
 * Ulmus laevis, Quercus rubra, Q. cerris and Robinia pseudoacacia: These can be planted in managed European forests under climate warming.


 * Maritime Pine, Japanese Red Cedar, True Cedars, Macedonian Pine, Silver Firs, Eucalyptus: These have been profiled by the Royal Forestry Society as suitable for current local sites.


 * F. mandshurica: It has similar characteristics to common ash and shows some resistance to H. fraxineus and A. It can be considered as a potential alternative tree species to Fraxinus excelsior in European forests.


 * Aesculus pavia (Red Buckeye), Amelanchier arborea (Serviceberry), Carpinus caroliniana (American Hornbeam), Cornus alternifolia (Pagoda): Native alternative tree species that can be planted in place of non-native plants that are invasive and harmful to natural ecosystems.


 * European birch (Betula spp.), grand fir (Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl.), silver fir (Abies alba Mill.), Paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud.), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière), yellow pine (Pinus strobus L.), western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D.): These can be considered as substitutes for Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) from a technological as well as silvicultural point of view.

It is important to consider the suitability of each alternative tree species for the specific region, climate, and soil conditions. It is also important to consider the potential impact of introducing non-native species on the local ecosystem.